End System (ES), a concept in OSI networking, refers to a host or node in an OSI network. Another key concept in an OSI network is the intermediate system (IS), which refers to the routers and switches that carry information through the network.

PCIe is a standard interface for connecting PC components, such as graphics cards or storage devices, and is used in a wide range of devices, from embedded systems, handheld devices, industrial applications, and servers to supercomputers, etc. For consumers, upgrading the advantage of the later PCIe is that it can support faster memory.

The innovative development of technology and storage in 2023, including multi-cloud, will tend to be localized in 2023, cloud service providers will face more transparency requirements, heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology will become more popular, etc.

The US-China trade war has triggered a major reshuffle of the supply chain. The global manufacturing industry is facing unprecedented challenges. In the process of transforming smart manufacturing, the biggest problem is the integration of operating technology (OT) and information technology (IT). Only by working with the smart manufacturing ecosystem can we have a chance to survive in the changes and seize future business opportunities.